For example, it describes the outcome of a coin toss as ½ – or 50% – because throwing either heads or tails is equally probable. Yet research has shown that human behaviour can’t be fully captured by ...

But classical probability does not accurately capture the behaviour, so it is described as irrational. Many similar violations of classical probability rules have been observed in cognitive science.

Probability theory has long provided a rigorous framework for quantifying uncertainty, yet its extension to infinite sets introduces profound conceptual challenges and opportunities.

The Appell-type polynomial family corresponding to the simplest non-commutative derivative operator turns out to be connected with the Boolean probability theory, the simplest of the three universal ...

Synthese spans the topics of Epistemology, Methodology and Philosophy of Science. Coverage includes the theory of knowledge; general methodological problems of science, of induction and probability, ...