The outer ring of the doughnut represents the ecological limits of the planet, from biodiversity loss and air pollution to climate breakdown. Amsterdam wants to stay between the inner and outer rings.

An Economic Model That Moves Beyond G.D.P. With “Doughnut Economics,” Kate Raworth looks instead at planetary well-being. Share full article ...

In her book, Raworth emphasizes that economics should provide a model that doesn’t require growth in order to meet “the needs of all within the means of the planet.” And, she offers one.

RIVAS-VACIAMADRID, SPAIN – FEBRUARY 14: A model walks the runway during the Circular Sustainable Fashion Week Madrid at Rivas-Vaciamadrid city hall on February 14, 2021 in Rivas-Vaciamadrid, Spain.

The model is developed by British economist Kate Raworth and popularized through her book, “ Doughnut Economics: Seven Ways to Think Like a 21st-Century Economist ”, released in 2017.