This Java tutorial teaches you how to declare ... Combining these language features into classes is known as encapsulation. This capability lets us program at a higher level of abstraction ...

The discussion shows how Java facilitates encapsulation and investigates the negative ramifications of encapsulation without data hiding. The examples also show how to improve class design through ...

In cases like this, encapsulation has costs not ... (See Effective Java, "Prefer interfaces to abstract classes".) With sealed interfaces, library authors no longer have to choose between using ...