As Americans await election results, many are looking to the polls for answers. JUMP TO: MARGIN OF ERROR l PHONE/DIGITAL l OUTLIER POLLS Dr. Andy Smith, from the University of New Hampshire Survey ...

"The polling industry is going through what I would call a paradigm shift, where we're moving from the types of methods that worked 30, 40 years ago and don't really work anymore," Smith said.

A version of this article appears in print on , Section A, Page 2 of the New York edition with the headline: Where Polls Can Mess Up (and How to Fix It). Order Reprints | Today’s Paper | Subscribe ...

"The polling industry is going through what I would call a paradigm shift, where we're moving from the types of methods that worked 30, 40 years ago and don't really work anymore," Smith said.