The other is to store values to match as keys in a dictionary, then use the values to take an action—e.g., store a function as a value and use the key or some other variable as input.

For example, a user may enter a text string in all capital letters and you need to normalize the data by translating it to lower case. You can translate user input to lowercase using Python's ...

He’s using Python which makes the process fairly painless (we’ll get to that in a minute) but the value of his post is in the explanation surrounding how to interpret the data.