Map is a common way to transform lists in most programming languages. In Python, map is a function that loops over a list and applies a function (that you provide) to each item. Your function receives ...

For example, using an index of -1 is a handy way to grab the last item from a list no matter the size of the list. In that case, list_of_ints [-1] yields 3, and list_of_objects [-1] yields None.