Then you’ll get started with using instance variables in your Java classes ... Imagine, for example, that you wanted to instruct a Person object to stand up. Without encapsulation, your commands ...

Now let’s try the same example using composition: import java.util.HashSet ... anotherDog)); // This is another way to cast the object } } class Animal { } class Dog extends Animal { void ...

In Java, objects are passed by reference ... but at the same time we want to keep the example simple and easy to understand. Our example is quite similar to Robert Martin’s in terms of class structure ...

One of the main concepts in object-oriented programming is that every component has a single purpose, and that component is only responsible for the properties and fields that allow it to perform its ...