Before data scientists can run machine learning models to tease out insights, they’re first going to need to transform the data—reformatting it or perhaps correcting it—so it’s in a ...

Tools like Apache Spark and Hadoop allow data engineers to process massive datasets in parallel, reducing the time it takes to prepare data for ML. • Data lakes and warehouses.

The FDA defines process validation as consisting of three parts: process design (PD), process qualification (PQ), and continued process verification (CPV). The first two stages are discrete—once ...