Simulation circuit of the TL431 Figure 2 TL431 equivalent circuit for LTSpice Operation of the VCO The operation of the oscillator can be understood by considering the circuit in two aspects. The ...

The TL431 is a well-known voltage reference integrated circuit used in Switch-Mode Power Supply (SMPS) feedback loops. Combining a reference voltage and ...

We had to look at the TL431 data sheet for this one and shamefacedly admit that since we’d only ever used the chip as a voltage reference, we hadn’t appreciated this capability.

The TL431's internal functional blocks consist of a 2.5V reference connected to an op-amp's negative input, with the op-amp output used to drive an open collector transistor's base. Fig. 2 shows a ...