The bias arises because the algorithm predicts health care costs rather than illness, but unequal access to care means that we spend less money caring for Black patients than for White patients. Thus, ...

As a key operation in contemporary cryptosystems, modular multiplication occupies non-negligible latency and area. We first show optimizations of the k-term Karatsuba algorithm for AB/rk and ABmodrk ...

RSA-From-Scratch An implementation of the RSA cryptosystem from first principles, demonstrating foundational algorithms like Miller-Rabin, Karatsuba Multiplication, and the Extended Euclidean ...