The most effective nudges were personalized; for example, “tower alerts” notified teachers when their students got stuck on a particular line of problems, and progress messages updated teachers on how ...

to seek, accept, and offer honest criticism of technical work, to acknowledge and correct errors, to be honest and realistic in stating claims or estimates based on available data, and to credit ...

Monthly statistics are only included if there are more than 10 years of data. The number of years (provided in the 2nd last column of the table) may differ between elements if the observing program at ...