This structured encoding enables accurate decoding of volitional speech segments and could be applied in the development of brain–machine interfaces for restoring speech in paralysed individuals.

“Encoding and decoding go hand in hand; they’re like two sides of a coin,” said Crystal Whitman, an instructional coach at Rosman Elementary School in North Carolina’s Transylvania County.

Figure 1: Selection and characterization of orthogonal quadruplet decoding ribosomes. Figure 2: Enhanced incorporation of unnatural amino acids in response to amber and quadruplet codons with ribo ...