Anything from which data items are stored and retrieved could be considered a data structure. Examples include the data structures derived from the previously mentioned Employee, Vehicle, Array ...

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For example, if a program is using a data structure such as a list, but this data structure only allows new items to be added at one end, the resulting store will comprise data that is not ordered.

Learn when and how to use different data structures and their algorithms in your own code. This is harder as a student, as the problem assignments you'll work through just won't impart this knowledge.

He points to brain function as an example. Researchers can collect observational time-series data, but they don't have a good model for how everything fits together.