In 2021, InfoQ covered a biologically-plausible alternative to backpropagation called zero-divergence inference learning (Z-IL) which can exactly reproduce the results of backpropagation.

Machine-learning algorithms are responsible for the vast majority of the artificial intelligence advancements and applications you hear about. (For more background, check out our first flowchart ...

A new model of learning centers on bursts of neural activity that act as teaching signals — approximating backpropagation, the algorithm behind learning in AI. Every time a human or machine learns how ...

Multi-layered neural architectures that implement learning require elaborate mechanisms for symmetric backpropagation of errors that are biologically implausible. Here the authors propose a simple ...

Machine learning deals with software systems capable of changing in response to training data. A prominent style of architecture is known as the neural network , a form of so-called deep learning.

To clear things up, I drew you this flowchart on the back of an envelope so you can work out whether something is using AI or not. This originally appeared in our AI newsletter The Algorithm.