These can include, for example, the addition of feedback loops from output to input, in doing so creating models analogous to closed-loop control theory.

Mechanical control systems (staplers, car windows) use parts for movement/force control. They include input, process, and output. Types of motion: linear, rotary, reciprocating, oscillating.

This input-process-output mechanism is called neural network feed-forward. Understanding the feed-forward mechanism is required in order to create a neural network that solves difficult practical ...

See, for example, OpenAI’s recently launched o1-pro, which is the company’s most expensive API offering yet at $150/million input tokens and $600/million output tokens.