Previous methods struggle to incorporate real-time data or account for nonlinear interactions among macroeconomic variables.

To address non-linear or non-Gaussian data in PCA and factor analysis, techniques such as kernel PCA or robust factor analysis methods are employed.

For 50 years, scientists believed that schools of fish would save the most energy by swimming in flat diamond formations.

Non-linear relationships, which are common in real-world data, can lead to misleading Pearson correlation results, as the measure may underestimate or completely miss the strength of the association.

Developments were made to the basic Tabu Search to adapt it to the optimisation problem. This paper explains the contribution ...