As with all "classic algorithms," its output was deterministic: it produced the same result for the same input every time. It would always finish, and it always produced the optimal, correct result.

The library sorting problem is used across computer science for organizing far more than just books. A new solution is less than a page-width away from the theoretical ideal.

AI evolution Google DeepMind creates super-advanced AI that can invent new algorithms AlphaEvolve has already made Google's data centers more efficient and improved Tensor chips.