Early encryption algorithms like these had to be applied manually by the sender and receiver. They typically consisted of simple letter rearrangement, such a transposition or substitution .

This simple transposition cipher allowed the Spartans to securely communicate strategic military plans, ensuring that messages intercepted by enemies were unreadable. 3. The ... into an unreadable ...

To decrypt a double transposition, construct a block with the right number of rows under the keyword, blocking off the short columns. Write the cipher in by columns, and read it out by rows.

Microsoft is updating Windows 11 with a set of new encryption algorithms that can withstand future attacks from quantum computers in a move aimed at jump-starting what’s likely to be the most ...