Then we train the XGBoost model with XGBRegressor and make a prediction with the fit method. Finally, we use MAE (mean absolute error) to determine the accuracy of our predictions. For a lag of 10 ...

For the XGBoost model, variable importance was quantified by a Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) summary plot, and the individual predictions were explained by a SHAP force plot. 17 For the ANN ...