The Forward-Forward algorithm (FF) is comparable in speed to backpropagation but has the advantage that it can be used when the precise details of the forward computation are unknown.

Find out why backpropagation and gradient descent are key to prediction in machine learning, then get started with training a simple neural network using gradient descent and Java code. Topics ...

Nature Neuroscience - Computation by neural networks. The practical success of backpropagation led researchers to look for an alternative performance measure that did not involve a teacher and ...