In adaptive dynamic programming (ADP), traditional actor-critic methods make use of both policy gradient learning and value function approximation to search for near-optimal control policies in ...

First, the multilevel optimization is described by using the problem matrix which may be used to allocate the design variables on different levels. The parameters in the problem matrix are deduced by ...

The 1990s were a boom time for new programming languages. The rise of the internet and the increasing complexity of software ...