How transactions are validated. When there is a new transaction—like a Bitcoin transfer—it's propagated out to the network to be validated. The network computers verify that the transaction is ...

Most modern filesystems use B-trees (or Variants). In addition to its use in databases, the B-tree is also used in filesystems to allow quick random access to an arbitrary block in a particular file.

(2) Mathematical modelling of control systems: Laplace/Inverse Laplace transform, transfer functions, block diagrams, state space equations. (3) Transient and steady states response analysis: first, ...