Jan 13, 2025 · In the Computer System Design, Memory Hierarchy is an enhancement to organize the memory such that it can minimize the access time. The Memory Hierarchy was developed based on a program behavior known as locality of references (same data or nearby data is likely to be accessed again and again).

Memory hierarchy is a multi-level structure that as the distance from the processor increases, the size of the memories and the access time both increase. Performance is the key reason for having a memory hierarchy. The faster memories are more expensive per bit and thus tend to be smaller. smaller.

Programs P1 and P2 run on a processor with a 4GHz frequency, an L1 cache hit time of 1 ns and an L1 average miss penalty of 30 ns. P1 has a miss rate of 5% and an MPKI of 25. P2 has a miss rate of 10% and an MPKI of 10. Both programs have a CPI of 0.5 with a perfect L1 cache. Compare P1 and P2’s AMAT and CPI.

In the most widely used shared memory multiprocessor architecture, a single shared bus connects all of the processors, the main memory, and the input/output devices. The name multi has been proposed for this architecture. This architecture is summarized as follows in [Bell85]: 1

Contents : Multiprocessors: Characteristics of Multiprocessor, Structure of Multiprocessor-Interprocessor Arbitration, Inter-Processor Communication and Synchronization. Memory in Multiprocessor System, Concept of Pipelining, Vector Processing, Array Processing, RISC And CISC, Study of Multicore Processor –Intel, AMD.

May 5, 2023 · We use Markov chains and the M/G/1 queuing model to estimate the average and the variance of the response time for hierarchical memory systems. We use the Linear Algebraic queueing Theory (LAQT) to be able to model deep memory hierarchies.

How should PCM-based (main) memory be organized? DRAM vertically stacked over the processor die. Moderately low latency. Several proposals to organize this large DRAM as a last-level cache.

Memory hierarchy design becomes more crucial with recent multi-core processors because the aggregate peak bandwidth grows with the number of cores. For example, Intel Core i7 can generate two references per core per clock.

distributed shared-memory (DSM) multiprocessor • If memories are strictly local, we need messages to communicate data cluster of computers or multicomputers • Non-uniform memory architecture (NUMA) since local memory has lower latency than remote memory

Memory hierarchy in a computer system : Fig. 12-1 Main Memory : memory unit that communicates directly with the CPU (RAM) Auxiliary Memory : device that provide backup storage (Disk Drives)